By a miracle of Allah, the believers were victorious. However, this was not due to their superior numbers; rather, it was due to the intelligence, insight, wisdom, and fine moral character with which Allah had blessed our Prophet (saas). Allah says that He sometimes intimidated the unbelievers by showing them that the believers were far more numerous and powerful:
There was a sign for you in the two parties that met face to face, one party fighting in the Way of Allah and the other consisting of unbelievers. You saw them as twice their number with your own eyes. Allah reinforces with His help whoever He wills. There is instruction in that for people of insight. (Surah Al 'Imran: 13)
The Tafsir al-Jalalayn explains this verse as follows:
Certainly there is a lesson for you, for war, in the two groups that met at Badr. One battled on the path of Allah, in obedience to Him: the Prophet (saas) and his Companions, 313 people, together with two horses, six suits of armor, and eight swords. Most were on foot. The other group was the unbelievers. The Muslims' numbers were seen to be, in external appearance, twice as great as those of the unbelievers, who numbered up to 1,000 soldiers. Allah assisted the Muslims, although they were outnumbered. Allah assists and strengthens whom He wills. Certainly there is a lesson for those with insight in these two things. Are you a people who will not learn from them and will not have faith? 55
Ibn Kathir comments:
"They saw them with their own eyes as twice their number," meaning: the unbelievers saw the Muslims during the battle of Badr as twice their number, and Allah makes that a cause for the Muslim's victory over them. This is Ibn Jarir's interpretation, based on the authority of some scholars…
It seems that Allah lessened the apparent number of unbelievers in the Muslims' eyes and made the Muslims appear as few in the unbelievers' eyes when they met each other at the battle of Badr … As for the unbelievers, they saw the Muslims as twice their number so that fear and panic would overwhelm them. This is exemplified in Allah's saying: "They saw them with their own eyes as twice their number," meaning: they saw 2,000 Muslim soldiers with their own eyes, as a support from Allah. For this reason, Allah says: "But Allah supports with His victory whom He wills. Verily, in this is a lesson for those who have eyes." In other words, He strengthens the believers and humiliates the unbelievers. 56
Allah states in many verses that Allah assists those believers who depend on Him totally in times of difficulty and distress, and that He will provide a way out of apparently hopeless situations:
Whoever fears [and respects] Allah – He will give him a way out and provide for him from where he does not expect. Whoever trusts Allah – He will be enough for him. Allah always achieves His aim. Allah has appointed a measure for all things. (Surat al-Talaq: 2-3)
Sometimes both unbelievers and believers see each other as less numerous than they really are. There is a reason for this miracle: when the Muslims saw that the unbelievers were fewer in number than they were, it gave them strength and improved their morale. And when the unbelievers saw the Muslim army, already less in number than theirs, as even smaller, they became careless and were led to think that they would be victorious. Given that in the world of causes no army can appear less numerous than it is, this can only be a miraculous manifestation of Allah's assistance:
Remember when Allah showed them to you in your dream as only a few. If He had shown you them as many, you would have lost heart and quarrelled about the matter; but Allah saved you. He knows what your hearts contain. Remember when Allah made you see them as few when you met them, and also made you seem few in their eyes. This was so that Allah could settle a matter whose result was preordained. All matters return to Allah. (Surat al-Anfal: 43-44)
In his commentary, al-Sabuni writes:
O community of believers, remember when you were at war. In order to increase your courage, Allah made you think the enemy was fewer in number than it actually was. He also showed you thus to their eyes, so they would make no preparations for the battle. This impression was formed during a state of wakefulness, not of sleep. Ibn Mas`ud says that the enemy was shown to our eyes to be so few in numbers before the battle of Badr that I asked: "What do you think, are there about 100 of them?" That was before the battle began. When it started, Allah gave the unbelievers the impression that the faithful were many in number. The unbelievers were stunned and seized by fear. Their strength was broken, and they saw things for which they were not prepared. This is one of Allah's great miracles in the battle. … He gave the believers courage against the unbelievers so that they would wage war and so that He would help His own army and defeat the superstitious [people] and their army. In this way, His word would be superior and the unbelievers' word would be inferior. All works return to Allah. Allah operates in them as He wills. Nobody can overturn what He has stipulated. He is Almighty and the Lord of wisdom." 57
Ibn Kathir interprets the same verse as follows:
Allah's verse, "And when you met (the unbelievers' army), He showed them to you as few in your eyes," shows His mercy and kindness toward His believing servants. He made the Muslims view the Qurayshi polytheists, in their eyes, as few, in order to encourage them to attack the unbelievers. On the authority of Abdullah Ibn Mas`ud, Abu Ishaq al-Sabi'i said: "Allah showed the Quraishi army to us as few, in our eyes, to the point that I asked a man who was by my side: 'They are seventy, aren't they?' He said: 'No, they are 100.' We then took a man from the Qurayshi army and asked him about their number. He said: 'We were 1,000 fighters.'"…
Allah had excited the state of enmity between the Muslims and the unbelievers, and made each party appear less in the eyes of the other so that they would not fear the battle. However, when the two armies actually met, Allah supported the Muslims with 1,000 angels so that the unbelievers would see the Muslims as twice their actual number. As Allah says: "There was a sign for you in the two armies that met (in the Battle of Badr): one army fighting in the Cause of Allah, and another unbelieving, whom they saw as twice their number, clearly, with their very eyes. Thus Allah supports with His Victory whom He wills. Verily, in this is a lesson for those who understand." (Surah Al 'Imran: 13)58
Another miracle at this time was the Muslims' lack of fear and hesitancy. Allah informs us in the Qur'an that unbelievers had many powerful soldiers on their side and tried to oppress the Muslim minority. In this situation, the believers turned in sincerity to Allah and placed themselves in His hands. As a result, they were abundantly blessed and had a safe return:
… those to whom people said: "The people have gathered against you, so fear them." But that merely increased their belief and they said: "Allah is enough for us and the Best of Guardians." So they returned with blessings and bounty from Allah, and no evil touched them. They pursued the pleasure of Allah. Allah's favor is indeed immense. (Surah Al 'Imran: 173-74)
Those who always trusted in Allah completely and placed themselves in His hands lived according to the Qur'an's moral teachings and sought to win His approval in everything they did. In return, Allah gave them a sense of security and well-being and, even in the most difficult circumstances, caused them to live a good life and attain great wealth from the spoils of war.
Footnotes
43. Al-Serah Al-Nabaweyyah, Ibn Hesham, vol. 1, pp. 293-294.
44. Encyclopedia of Seerah: Muhammad (saas), 3:104.
45. Al-Suyuti, Tahdhib al-Khasa'is, 316.
46. Al-Bukhari
47. Shaykha Anne Khadeijah Darwish and Shaykh Ahmad Darwish, The Millennium Biography of Muhammad (saas) The Prophet of Allah, www.Allah.com.
48. Bilmen, Turkish Translation of the Qur'an, 3:1270.
49. Tafsir Ibn Kathir, abridged by Sheikh Muhammad Nasib Ar-Rafa'i (London: Al-Firdous Ltd., 2002), 145-46; hadith from Musnad Ahmad, Sahih al-Bukhari: 3653 and Sahih Muslim: 2381.
50. Tafsir of Jalalayn, tr. Ibrahim Serdar [Istanbul: Yusuf Sensoy Fatih Enes Publishings, 1997], 2:670.
51. Bilmen, Turkish Translation of the Qur'an, 1:451.
52. Sabuni, Safvetut Tefasir (Safawat al-Tafasir) [Ensar Nesriyat], 2:404.
53. (Sahih Muslim: 523; Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 115.)
54. Said Havva, Al-Asas fi al-Tafsir [Istanbul: Samil Yayinevi, 1991], 2:444
55. Tafsir al-Jalalayn, 1:187
56. Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 125-26.
57. Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni, Tafsir al-Sabuni [Istanbul: Ensar Nesriyat, 1992], 2:427.
58. Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 10:40-41
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